11
Dec, 2020

Who is the girl behind the face of CPR?

She is the face that many have kissed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training and she has saved millions of lives, but who is she and what is her story?

She is known by many names – L’Inconnue de la Seine (Unknown Woman of Seine), the Mona Lisa of Seine, Resusci Annie, and The Most Kissed Girl in the World – and was a young girl whose body was pulled from the River Seine in late 19th century Paris.

She had no name, no history, and no story. But the pathologist who performed an autopsy on the body was so captivated by her beauty that he had her face preserved as a plaster death mask.

In the years that followed, copies of the mask were sold throughout bohemian Paris.

It was thought that she had died by suicide, but over the years, many stories have emerged of her being murdered, or eloping to Paris from Liverpool with a wealthy suitor.

In 1956, it was discovered that mouth to mouth breathing could maintain blood oxygen levels in a non-breathing victim, leading to the development of CPR.

When a member of the American Heart Association’s CPR committee saw that students practising CPR on one another risked causing rib fractures and pain, he approached a doll maker Åsmund Laerdal to create a realistic training model.

While contemplating the design, Laerdal remembered a mask on the wall of his grandparents’ house and decided to make it the face of his new resuscitation training aid, Resusci Anne.

It is estimated that Resusci Annie has likely helped more than 500 million people to train in CPR, saving around 2.5 million lives.

The line “Annie are you okay?” – used to check for a response in the patient – features in Michael Jackson’s Smooth Criminal, after the singer was inspired by his own CPR training.

These days you can be captivated by her beauty in resuscitation training rooms around the world, but there is one other place you can see her, say Loke and McKernon. The Lorenzi model makers in Paris, who produced L’Inconnue’s original death mask, continue to produce copies four generations on.

A linked editorial discusses the ethical questions raised by historical events and asks was the unknown woman of the Seine morally wronged?

At the time of her death, putting bodies on view and circulating death masks were customary practice. But they’re ethically troubling now. Should we be concerned about this circulation of her image without anything resembling consent?

4
Dec, 2020

Why People Fear Performing CPR on Women

Women are less likely than men to receive CPR from a bystander. But why?

The reluctance, new research suggests, maybe fueled by worries of being accused of sexual assault or doing physical harm. Knowing people’s secret fears is the first step to dispelling them, experts say.

The insights come from a new survey of 520 men and women who were asked to rank potential reasons someone might not want to provide bystander CPR to a woman, based on the sex of the rescuer. The survey built upon previous findings from the same research team that had respondents use their own words to describe why someone might hesitate to provide lifesaving care to a stranger.

The new survey compiled the open-ended responses into themes, which respondents were asked to rank. Both men and women said the biggest reason male rescuers would refrain from giving CPR to a woman was fear of being accused of sexual assault or inappropriate touching, whereas the biggest reason a female rescuer might not provide assistance was fear of harming the victim. Less often, respondents said a male or female rescuer might have a misconception that women don’t have cardiac arrests or think a woman was being overdramatic.

The research was presented earlier this month at the American Heart Association’s virtual Resuscitation Science Symposium. It is considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.

“Hopefully, this information can be used to help us eliminate the biases that people may have,” said Shelby Shelton, a professional research assistant at the University of Colorado Department of Emergency Medicine and one of the investigators.

More than 350,000 sudden cardiac arrests occur outside the hospital each year, according to AHA statistics. Though the vast majority of these occur at home, about 19% in adults and 13% in children happen in public. Bystander CPR can double or triple a person’s chances of survival if started immediately.

But women are less likely to get such help. A 2018 study published in Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes found 45% of men received bystander CPR compared with only 39% of women. Men had 23% higher odds of survival than women.

“Everyone deserves to get CPR and a chance at a great outcome when they collapse in public,” Shelton said. “We want to encourage strong public education around that core message.”

In the new study, researchers were surprised to find that men and women shared the same perceptions of what might deter a rescuer, said Dr. Sarah Perman, the study’s senior investigator and an emergency physician. She is an associate professor of emergency medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. Respondents were asked how they perceived others might feel giving a woman CPR, rather than about their own feelings, to remove any reluctance to answer honestly.

Framing the question that way “could help uncover those hidden fears that people may have,” said Dr. Ashish Panchal, a professor of emergency medicine at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, who was not involved in the study. “And if we have a better idea of these underlying, hidden feelings that people might feel uncomfortable talking about, it gives us a better idea of how to train people.”

For example, he said, “the probability of injury from bystander CPR is really, really low. Knowing the perception is there that helping someone might hurt them, we now know we have to combat this.”

Likewise, said Perman, people need to be assured it’s OK to touch a woman you don’t know if you are helping someone who might otherwise die. “A woman at the gym or the grocery store who is in medical distress is clearly a scenario that warrants public assistance,” she said.

This type of data also could be useful for training 911 dispatchers, Panchal said. “These are the people who are giving instructions that guide people to perform CPR in real time. If they understand the fears people have, they can help to dispel those fears as they are guiding someone on the phone about what they need to do.”